New Journalism

Is New Journalism a literary genre? Analyse with reference to the literary techniques used in two examples of New Journalism. Word Count – 2231 I suppose the most common sense point at which to start is by defining New Journalism, or Literary Journalism, as Eisenhuth and McDonald (2007, p. 38) say it is called at the â€Å"upper end of the spectrum. † The Collins Concise Dictionary (1999, p. 995) defines New Journalism as â€Å"a style of journalism, using techniques borrowed from fiction to portray a situation of event as vividly as possible. †Wikipedia (2010) defines it as â€Å"a style of 1960s and 1970s news writing and journalism that used literary techniques deemed unconventional at the time. † The meaning of New Journalism has evolved over the the past one hundred years or so and has supposedly been coined by many a person, including the so-called founding father of New Journalism, Matthew Arnold (Roggenkamp, 2005, p. xii) The term, with relevance t o the above definitions, was codified with its current meaning by Tom Wolfe in his 1973 collection of New Journalism articles,  The New Journalism,  which included works by – most notably – himself, Truman Capote, Hunter S.Thompson, Norman Mailer, and Joan Didion. With reference to the aforementioned New Journalists, Tom Wolfe, in a 1972  New York Magazine  article, said, â€Å"I know they never dreamed that anything they were going to write for newspapers or magazines would wreak such evil havoc in the literary world; causing panic, dethroning the novel as the number one literary genre, starting the first new direction in American literature in half a century. Nevertheless, that is what has happened. † He went on to say that, â€Å"Bellow, Barth, Updike – even the best of the lot,Philip Roth – the novelists are all out there ransacking the literary histories and sweating it out, wondering where they now stand. ‘Damn it all, Saul, th e  Huns  have arrived. ‘† So, this uproar is what begs several questions that these writers felt the need to be answered. Is New Journalism a literary genre, simply because it utilises the tools of fiction to give it colour? Is it a journalistic genre? Is it a genre all by itself? Imagine journalism and literature both being a circle side by side; they stand alone.They are pushed together when attempting to work out the place of New Journalism in the world of writing; how far do they overlap? And if, when they meet, there is an even overlap, surely that creates a distinct genre? Some argue that, as well as not being a literary genre, New Journalism is not a stand-alone genre at all. Murphy (1974, p. 15) says that, in his eyes, the main charge levelled against New Journalism is â€Å"criticism against it as a distinct genre. † Truman Capote seems to disagree with this and says, â€Å"It seems to me that most contemporary novelists are too subjective.I wanted t o exchange it, creatively speaking, for the everyday objective world we all inhabit. Reporting can be made as interesting as fiction, and done as artistically. † (Plimpton, 1967, p. 14) This suggests that Capote believes that New Journalism falls on neither side of the fence. Instead, New Journalism is all about taking journalism with one hand, taking literature with the other, and pulling them both together. He wanted to make literature more objective, as journalism is, and he wanted to make journalism more creative, as literature is. Conley (1998, p. ) notes that, â€Å"Journalism and fiction are not usually mentioned in the same sentence unless in an unflattering sense, yet they have much in common. † Again, we are directed towards the two forms as separate, but partially overlapped. Weiss (2004, p. 177) says that, â€Å"The tugs and pulls of fact versus fiction and memory versus imagination are evident within the genre of journalism. † She goes on to say that , â€Å"Journalism splintered from early reporting and took on many of the attributes of literature. There are many attributes of literary journalism which overlap with fiction. Again, this theme of convergence is present in her thoughts. Weiss (2004, p. 179) asks a good question: â€Å"Has the blurring of lines from non-fiction to fiction become excessive and confusing? † Roorbach (2001, p. 7) goes some way in answering this and states that â€Å"an over-insistence on verifiable accuracy has about the same deadening effect on art as an over-insistence on conformity in style and subject. † So it follows that the best course of action when considering the place of New Journalism is to nod towards the pieces of work that take responsibility for both fact and fiction.Somerset Maugham (1938, p. 19) agreed that fiction and journalism are intrinsically linked and says, of news, that â€Å"it is raw material straight from the knacker's yard and we are stupid if we turn our noses up at it because it smells of blood and sweat. † These are the words of a literary great who feels that writers must take journalism into account in their work. Believing there was whole new genre, Capote called his book,  In Cold Blood,  a non-fiction novel, which is a book that employs the conventions of fiction to tell a true story. The work is about the mass murder of a Kansas farming family.Although the book was the peak of Capote's career as a writer, and was hailed as an international success, it – along with New Journalism as a whole – was heavily criticised, due to facts being changed, scenes being added and dialogue being made-up. This criticism can be seen as a positive thing though, in terms of defining New Journalism. By stating that aspects of his style of writing makes it neither journalism, nor literature, the criticism creates a new genre for Capote's work to sit, comfortably, in. Interestingly, Capote, along with Mailer and many other authors, never agreed to their style's comparisons to Wolfe's school of narration.Much to the contrary, many of these writers would deny that their work was generically relevant to other new Journalists at the time. In a 1966  Atlantic  article, Dan Wakefield said that the non-fiction work of Capote elevated reporting to the level of literature. Although praising the work of Capote, this goes some way in saying that literature is better than journalism. This is evidence for what Capote said his critics felt:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Combining literature and journalism is little more than a literary solution for fatigued novelists. † (Plimpton, 1967, p. 16) Newfield (1967, p. 0) said that, â€Å"This new genre defines itself by claiming many of the techniques that were once the unchallenged terrain of the novelist: tension, symbol, cadence, irony, prosody, imagination. † Gay Talese's 1966 article for  Esquire  magazine,  Frank Sinatra Has a Cold,  was a very influential pie ce of New Journalism that gave a very detailed portrait of Frank Sinatra, without ever having interviewed him. Talese undertook huge amounts of research, as did many of the New journalists, including Capote with  In Cold Blood. Unlike Capote, Talese did not invent facts of characters.His article is, therefore, an example of New Journalism that falls under the category of a journalistic genre, as opposed to a distinct genre. In agreement with the methods of Talese and critical of those of Capote, writer Barry Seigel, who heads up a literature and journalism course at the University of California, says that he teaches of â€Å"nonfiction prose that transcends the limits of daily journalism. † He nonetheless â€Å"rejects absolutely the notion of imagining or otherwise fabricating quotes, inventing characters or blurring different sources into composites. (Eisenhuth and McDonald, 2007, p. 41) If the aim of most New Journalism is to write so  vividly and report in such inten se bursts that a scene leaps from the page, Talese goes in the other direction. He slowly drills down through the mundane subterranean reality of human existence to its â€Å"fictional† core. He said he wanted â€Å"to evoke the fictional current that flows between the reality. † Neither of these examples, nor any of the quotes gleaned from research, point towards New Journalism falling under the category of a literary genre.Obviously there will be those that do not wish to have it associated with the word literature; they see it as a bastard child. Hartsock (2000, p. 7) states that New Journalism â€Å"reflects a rough, but not definite split between journalism and literature. † He notes that some commentators, such as Lounsberry, who is affiliated with English studies, prefer to view it as a literary genre. Others, such as Connery, who is affiliated with journalism, prefer to view it as a journalistic genre. He adds that, â€Å"there long has been a bias agai nst journalism by English studies. Eisenhuth and McDonald (2007, p. 49) say that some journalists tend to see the term as ‘bunging it on a bit,' but the fact is that the notion of New Journalism is gaining acceptance, even in university English departments, which have traditionally disdained the reporting milieu that has nurtured so many novelists – the likes of Ernest Hemingway and Graham Green; and in more recent times, journalists turned non-fiction writers and novelists like Robert Drewe. † Drewe was the focus of Conley's 1998 article,  Birth of a Novelist, Death of a Journalist.Drewe is Australia's most prominent author turned journalist. His first book, The Savage Crows, was well received,  although at the time with some surprise, â€Å"like here is a dog that can ride a bicycle and play a trumpet at the same time, which was sort of flattering and slightly offensive† He said his transition to fiction entailed a grudging acceptance because of Austr alia’s tradition that novelists either came from the School of Hard Knocks – â€Å"the realist, outback, dingo-trapping background† – or from English Departments. (Conley, 1998, p. 0) There is still, to this day, an enormous amount of debate surrounding New Journalism and its place in the world of writing. There is, and always will be, a furore amongst steadfast writers that refuse to accept it into the literary world. Connery acknowledges â€Å"the difficulty of the form's identity,† and that our understanding of New Journalism as a genre â€Å"is still very much emerging. † (Hartsock, 2000, p. 3) The mere fact that Connery seeks to find a justification at all highlights the critical discomfort with the form's identity.Weber argues that this discomfort comes because â€Å"this category of serious writing is not well defined, and the many different terms used to describe it do not help. † (Hartsock, 2000, p. 6) Here, he is obviously r eferring to the terms Literary Journalism, New Journalism, and Literary Non-fiction; which vary in use, depending on the commentator. It seems that an answer will never be reached as to whether or not New Journalism is a stand-alone genre. Without taking the sceptics and critics too much to heart, New Journalism seems to be nestled, just fine, in its own world. Lounsberry (1990, p. 5) sums things up in a nutshell, despite her affiliation towards New Journalism as a literary genre. She states that, â€Å"it does not really matter what name we give to this type of discourse; it is possible to study it without actually placing it under any specific category. † References Books Collins Concise Dictionary, 1999. New Journalism. Glasgow: Harper Collins Publishers. Eisenhuth, S, MacDonald, W. , 2007. The Writer's Reader – Understanding Journalism and Nonfiction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Hartsock, J. C. , 2000. A history of American Literary Journalism.The Emerge nce of a Modern Narrative Form. Massachusetts: University of Massachusetts Press. Lounsberry, B. , 1990. The Art of Fact – Contemporary Artists of Nonfiction. Lincoln: Greenwood Press. Maugham, S. , 1938. The Summing Up. London: Heinemann. Roggenkamp, K. , 2005. Narrating the News: New Journalism and Literary Genre in Late Nineteenth Century Newspapers and Fiction. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press. Roorbach, B. ,2001. The Art of Truth: Contemporary Creative Nonfiction. New York: Oxford University Press. Articles Conley, D. , 1998. Birth of a Novelist, Death of a Journalist.Australian Studies in Journalism 7,  46-73, p1. Murphy, J. E. , 1974. The New Journalism: A Critical Perspective. Journalism Monographs,  34, p15. Newfield, J. , 1967. Hooked and Dead. New York Times Book Review,  May 7, p. 20. Wakefield, D. , 1966. The personal Voice and the Impersonal Eye. The Atlantic,  pp. 86-89 Weiss, C. , 2004. Reviving the Elephant; Bringing Literary Journalism Back into the Classroom. Schenley High School,  p173. Websites Plimpton, G. , 1967. Truman Capote: In Which Various Friends, Enemies, Acquaintances, and Detractors Recall His Turbulent Career. Online] Available at: ;http://www. thefreelibrary. com/Truman+Capote%3A+In+Which+Various+Friends,+Enemies,+Acquaintances,+and†¦ -a020210227; [Accessed 27 November 2010) Wikipedia, 2010. New Journalism. [Online] Available at: ;http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/New_Journalism; [Accessed 27 November 2010]. Wolfe, T. , 1972. Participant Reveals Main Factors Leading to Demise of the Novel, Rise of New Style Covering Events. New York Magazine. [Online] Available at: ;http://nymag. com/news/media/47353/; [Accessed 27 November 2010].

The Alhambra

After a long time of going back in time to experience first hand the stories behind the world's greatest paintings, I decided to take a break in studying visual art and widen my perspectives a bit. I stayed up all night on which adventure to take next, and the all-night contemplation led me to a decision to take another adventure—to take on Architectural artworks. First stop, the world-famous Alhambra in Granada, Spain. I went back 12 centuries in time, all the way to the ninth century—the reign of the Islamic invasion of Spain.The Zirites, who are the first kings of Granada, had the Alhambra constructed for military reasons. They built their castles on the hill across the Alhambra, making the structure a fortress for forthcoming attacks from anticipated conquerors. Tension was in the air at all times during this point, but it didn't stop me from appreciating the beauty of the structure that is Alhambra. Though still not fully developed, its obvious Arabesque style†”a type of Islamic art with repetitive complex, geometric patterns of interlacing plant, animal, and abstract forms—makes it a sight to behold.I have already read in art and history books that the Alhambra as a fortress would go on until the 13th century, so I decided to skip the boring part and take myself to 1238. It was at this point when the Alhambra was used as a residence of the kings. During this time, it was the Nasrites who ruled the Islamic kingdom in Spain. The Alhambra was later on developed to include a â€Å"alcazaba† (fortress), an â€Å"alcazar† (palace) and a small â€Å"medina† (city), still with Islamic art ruling the entirety of the structures.The old fortress was later on restored; the artworks developed to reach the full potential of its beauty. This, in turn, signified the Golden Age of Islam in Spain. Perhaps it was the overwhelming awe over the legendary architecture of the Alhambra and the chills it gave me just by looking at s ome parts of its structural design which transported me to yet another century. Next thing I know, it was 1492, and Granada was no longer occupied by the Islams.Catholicism was brought back to Spain, and the Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand and Isabel conquered the city, making the Alhambra a Christian court. Military garrisons and churches were built inside the compound, incorporating Catholicism into the Islamic architecture. For centuries the Alhambra turned into a Catholic city built on Islamic roots, but as years passed, the legendary architectural wonder was left neglected. I was then transported to the 19th century, and it shocked me to find the Alhambra unoccupied, except by thieves, beggars, and homeless people.It struck me so hard that in no time I got back to present time. Now, as I am writing this, the Alhambra is already a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and a strong contender for the New Seven Wonders of the World. The Alhambra being recognized as one of the most important stru ctures and architectural artworks in the entire world makes me so proud that I was part of history when it all happened; though I was nothing but a spectator, I got to experience the rich culture in which the Alhambra was rooted, and the colorful history it had withstood.References Crayon, G. (1832). The Alhambra. London: Samuel Bentley. Lipscomb, K. (2005). Hunter Travel Guides: Spain. New Jersey: Hunter Publishing, Inc. Irwin, Robert. (2004). The Alhambra. London: Butler & Tanner Ltd. Feminism. (n. d. ). In Encyclop? dia Britannica online. Retrieved from http://www. britannica. com/EBchecked/topic/724633/feminism Granada, The Alhambra. (n. d. ). In Andalucia Website. Retrieved from http://www. andalucia. com/cities/granada/alhamhistory. htm Arabesque: Art Movement. (n. d. ). In Art Education. Retrieved from

Intercultural Relationships And Communication In School Education Essay

Globalization has made states and civilizations interrelated and interconnected with each other. This applies possibly in every facet of human life- from regional and governmental pacts, internationalisation of concern and trade and even instruction at single degrees. The universe has gone virtually smaller and we now experience a sense of planetary small town. With the promotions in information and communicating engineering and transit industry, geographical barriers can no longer impede communicating. This leads to the dramatic addition in intercultural communicating chances. Whether through computing machine mediated communicating or face to confront communicating, we can now interchange information and novice communicating with people of other nationalities and civilization. In the field of instruction, diverseness has besides been observed to increase over the old ages. However, along with these increased chances, are jobs caused by clangs of cultural differences. These struggles are brought about by barriers to effectual intercultural communicating. Hence, to get the better of these barriers and maximise the acquisition chances from intercultural communicating, we need to get intercultural communicating accomplishments which were derived from the common interpersonal communicating with accent on the particular features of interpersonal communicating. The range of this survey shall include these intercultural communicating jobs and intercultural communicating accomplishments will be observed in the visible radiation of instruction as an establishment that fosters cultural diverseness and provides chances for intercultural communicating.Statement of the ProblemThe immediate response of pedagogues in the emerging diverseness in the schoolroom is inclusion. However, inclusion is argued to hold been a failure in turn toing diversenesss other than disablements, gender and faith. In the coming of globalisation, diverseness in the schoolroom may besides be attributed to cultural differences. It can be assumed that intercultural relationships have besides been bing within the schoolroom scene. With this, it can be argued that intercultural communicating will be a more effectual scheme to turn to cultural diverseness within the schoolroom. Hence, this survey aims to turn to this research inquiry: How can intercultural relationships and communicating be described in the schoolroom scene? The specific inquiries that this survey will prosecute are the undermentioned: What are present conditions of intercultural relationships and communications? ; What are the bing intercultural communicating jobs Rodriguez High School pupils? ; What are cultural barriers and factors taking to these jobs? ; What are the deductions or consequences of these jobs? ; How skilled are participants in intercultural communicating? ; and What effectual communicating scheme could be recommended for usage?Aims of the StudyStill within the range of globalisation, internationalisation of instruction is besides an emerging tendency. This leads to observation of cultural diverseness within schoolroom scenes. Oftentimes, cultural differences lead to jobs such as intimidation, pigeonholing and sometimes, instances of school force. Although inclusion schemes are applied in the recent old ages, it has non truly solved the jobs within the pupil degrees. Therefore, to avoid these jobs, this survey aims to research intercultural relationships and the intercultural communicating within a schoolroom puting with the usage of instance survey analysis. To accomplish this purpose, this survey proposes to purse the undermentioned aims: depict the present status of intercultural relationships and communications ; place intercultural communicating jobs among selected high school pupils of Rodriguez High School pupils ; find the cultural barriers and factors taking to these jobs ; happen out the deductions or consequences of these jobs ; step the intercultural communicating accomplishments of the participants ; urge effectual communicating scheme.Postulates of the StudyThis survey is anchored in the premise that intercultural relationships and communicating can be observed within the schoolroom puting with the usage of instance survey. The specific posits for this survey are the undermentioned: intercultural relationships and communicating exist in the schoolroom scene ; there are jobs in the efficaciousness of the communicating ; there are cultural barriers that hinder efficaciousness of intercultural communicating ; these jobs and barriers lead to more serious deductions ; intercultural communicating accomplishments are factors for more effectual communicating ; and intercultural communicating schemes can assist in turn toing cultural diverseness in a schoolroom scene.REVIEW OF RELEVANT LITERATUREThis subdivision provides a brief literature reappraisal of the constructs related to this survey including cultural diverseness, intercultural relationships, and intercultural communicating.Diversity and Cultural DifferencesCorsini ( 1984 ) described cultural differences as a merchandise of ways its people work, value of ownerships and manner of thought which are influenced by civilization ‘s instructions or cultural symbols. The civilization ‘s instructions and ownerships are so passed over coevalss to coevalss. Apart from this corporate observation, cultural differences are besides observed at the single degree which pertains to personality versus the societal systems of features ( Hall, 2006 ) . Cultural differences in instruction are observed in three types: universal, primary and secondary. Universal cultural differences occur universally as every kid needs to set to new civilization in the schoolroom that is frequently really different from that of the civilization at place. Primary cultural differences, on the other manus, go on when people of different and dominant civilization teach their civilization to people who already have their ain civilization. This leads to secondary cultural differences wherein the voluntary minorities are willing to accept the dominant civilization while the nonvoluntary minorities resist it ( Hall, 2006 ) . More frequently than non, cultural differences lead to assorted types of jobs and unfavourable conditions. While there is now a thin line dividing voluntary and nonvoluntary minorities, struggles within an establishment or organisation are frequently attributed to clangs between two different civilizations. With the coming of globalisation and the universe going virtually smaller, cultural differences become more and more seeable. Intercultural relationship presents is going more and more inevitable.Intercultural Relationships and ProblemsOne factor that peculiarly emphasized intercultural relationship is globalisation. Although there are different perceptual experiences and definitions of globalisation, the common subject among economical, political and anthropological points of position is connectedness. Peoples of different civilizations can no longer populate to be reciprocally sole to that of other civilizations ( Samover, Porter and McDaniel, 2007 ) . This connectedness brings about intercultural relationships in all facets of human life. Hence, there is a demand to extinguish jobs related to cultural differences and to set up good intercultural relationships. Some job that hinders good intercultural relationship are pigeonholing and individuality freeze. When a individual is viewed to be a member of his ain cultural group, he is forced into the predefined class and his alone features and capablenesss are frequently neglected. This threatens the single whether the stereotyping is positive or negative ( Gudykunst, 2005 ) . However, Adler and Gunderson ( 2008 ) argued that favourable intercultural relationship is best achieved by doing cultural diverseness and differences more seeable. Although acknowledgment of cultural differences may be viewed to be simplistic, crude, racialist, male chauvinist, or pigeonholing it should be kept in head that acknowledgment is different from judging. Recognition goes with regard of the differences and similarities every bit good. Judging, on the other manus, include bias that limits the perceptual experience of one ‘s full potency. Diverseness can be favourable to intercultural relationship when cultural differences are recognized without bias. One of the best ways to accomplish cultural synergism and good intercultural relationship is by adhering to rules of effectual communicating and intercultural communicating.Intercultural CommunicationIn this paper, we adopt the definition of communicating as an exchange of thoughts between two entities- the basic constituent of interpersonal communicating. Communication so, is a bipartisan procedure of spring and take. While the first theories of communicating analyzed to be one manner as holding an beginning ( beginning ) and finish ( receiving system ) , it has been now widely accepted that beginning and receiving system is replaced as participants of the interacting flow of thoughts. Intercultural communicating is a type of communicating happening between people with different civilizations. This communicating oftentimes makes participants dying and tense because they may happen it difficult to understand each other ‘s manner of believing. They may besides be utilizing different verbal and non-verbal codifications within the class of the communicating. Hence, the consequence of this type of communicating is less predictable so significances of such codifications should be negotiated carefully ( Fielding, 2006 ) . Communication is intercultural when differences in cultural positions hinder the formation of a individual and shared civilization. Absence of shared civilization may take to contradictions and struggles on significances of shared symbols ( Baraldi, 2006 ) . Some researches argue that the globalisation tendency increases the chance for intercultural communicating ( Samovar et al. , 2000 ) . On the other manus, some provinces that it is the intercultural relationships and communicating that paved the manner for globalisation and its increasing tendency ( Baraldi, 2006 ) . Either manner, what is more of import is to place agencies on how to accomplish better intercultural relationship and to place and forestall cultural barriers that hinder effectual intercultural communicating.Cultural Barriers to Effective CommunicationFielding ( 2009 ) enumerated the undermentioned cultural barriers that hinder efficaciousness of intercultural communicating: stereotyping, ethnocentrism, defensiveness or involuntariness to accept other people ‘s thoughts, linguistic communication barriers, differences in construing non-verbal codification, differences in beliefs and values, bias and premises, differences in universe position, and unequal power. Hence, these should be avoided in order to accomplish good intercultural relationship and effectual intercultural communicating. Respect in malice of differences is of outermost importance. However, Baraldi ( 2006 ) argued that intercultural communicating ‘s modernist position have evolved from respectful conversation to creative activity of a new civilization. He called this phenomenon as taint being brought about by cultural hybridisation and intercultural communicating. The new civilization is composed of the old participating civilizations and the freshly shared cultural symbolic signifier.Intercultural Communication SkillsIntercultural communicating accomplishments are indispensable towards effectual communicating. These accomplishments may be different from the usual interpersonal communicating that we use with others within the same civilization. Based on assorted researches, Williams ( 2005 ) summarized four general classs of intercultural communicating accomplishments: 1 ) flexibleness and unfastened mindedness, 2 ) cultural empathy and non-judgmental, 3 ) personal liberty composed of personal strength and stableness, and 4 ) ability to cover with stresso rs in the class of the intercultural communicating. These accomplishments can besides be grouped based on the undermentioned dimensions: cognitive ( the head ) , affectional ( the emotions ) and behavioural ( the psychomotor ) dimensions. In general, effectual intercultural communicating can be achieved by willingness to get the better of the barriers and obtain these accomplishments.Theories of Intercultural CommunicationTo better understand the construct of intercultural communicating, theories and theoretical accounts of the procedure are besides devised. While intercultural communicating may non be wholly different from the usual communicating procedures, it is imperative to include the particular features of intercultural communicating in its several theoretical accounts. The convergence theoretical account of communicating of Kincaid ( 1981 ) , communicating is defined as a procedure wherein two participants exchange information to make a degree of common apprehension. Cultural convergence theory is based on the convergence theoretical account of communicating devised by Kincaid ( 1981 ) . This was used to invent a mathematical theory of the effects brought approximately by communicating within cultural differences. In the Torahs of thermodynamics, it can be predicted that all participants ‘ communicating in a closed system may meet over clip. Cultural divergency theory predicts the convergence of two corporate cognitive provinces if the members of the two civilizations converge ( Gudykunst, 2005 ) . Another relevant intercultural communicating theory is the individuality direction theory of Cupach and Imahori ( 1993 ) . This is based on the interpersonal communicating competency theory. Interpersonal competency is one ‘s ability to negociate reciprocally the acceptable individualities of interaction ( Gudykunst, 2005 ) . This can be extended to intercultural communicating accomplishments summarized from Williams ( 2005 ) mentioned in the old subdivision. In this survey, these theories will be used. With the cultural convergence theory, it can be predicted that there will be convergence and accomplishment of common apprehension within a closed system or the schoolroom over clip. Furthermore, the intercultural communicating accomplishments can be utilised towards the accomplishment of common apprehension.STUDY FRAMEWORKThis chapter introduces the theoretical and conceptual models of the survey. Furthermore, the operational definitions of footings used in the survey are outlined. This survey shall research the cross-cultural jobs among high school pupils in Rodriguez High School.Theoretical ModelThe theoretical model of this survey is centered on two theories explicating the procedure of intercultural communicating: the cultural convergence theory and the individuality direction theory. With the cultural convergence theory, it is predicted that common apprehension can be achieved through exchange or sharing of information over clip within a closed system. Common apprehension is assumed to be favourable in any relationships including intercultural relationship for that affair. Identity direction theory, on the other manus, emphasizes intercultural capablenesss or competence of the participants to find the barriers towards effectual intercultural communicating and to be able to stamp down these barriers.Conceptual ModelBased on these theories, the research worker intends to incorporate and custom-make the theories into the scene of instruction as an establishment that fosters cultural diverseness. In the cultural divergency theory, the exchange of information can be observed within the closed system of the schoolroom through clip. We can presume that within the schoolroom puting wherein there is a high incidence of cultural diverseness, intercultural relationships and communicating exist. The individuality direction theory, on the other manus, can be translated to the intercultural communicating accomplishments of the students/participants so that they can cover with cultural diverseness in their schoolroom, and achieve common understanding- an drift for a harmonious acquisition environment.Operational Definition of FootingsIntercultural communication- a type of communicating happening between people with different civilizations. This communicating oftentimes makes participants dying and tense because they may happen it difficult to understand each other ‘s manner of thought ( Fielding, 2006 ) . Intercultural relationship- occurs when two persons with different civilization exchanged/ Shared thoughts with each other within a period of clip ( Samovar et al. , 2009 ) . Globalization- interrelation or interconnection of the states regardless of geographical barriers. Inclusion- technique used in the instruction as a response to cultural diverseness Cultural diversity- differences in civilization or the ways and agencies of life and thought. Common understanding- the convergence of the civilization based on the cultural convergence theory. This may besides be called cultural synergism. Intercultural communicating skills- accomplishments are indispensable towards effectual communicating. These accomplishments may be different from the usual interpersonal communicating that we usage with others within the same civilization. Based on assorted researches, Cultural convergence theory- predicts the convergence of two corporate cognitive provinces if the members of the two civilizations converge ( Gudykunst, 2005 ) . Identity direction theory- Interpersonal competency is one ‘s ability to negociate reciprocally the acceptable individualities of interaction ( Gudykunst, 2005 ) .RESEARCH DESIGN AND PROCEDURESThis subdivision inside informations the research program along with research methodological analysis, informations assemblage processs, and informations analysis techniques.Research DesignThis survey proposes to research with the usage of instance survey, the intercultural relationships and communicating in a schoolroom scene. This includes the intercultural communicating jobs, cultural barriers towards effectual intercultural communicating, and the intercultural communicating accomplishments of the selected pupils in Rodriguez High School in Fairfield, California. This school is noted to hold a really high pupil diverseness rate. This is an effort to turn to cultural diverseness in the schoolroom puting that may take to struggles, intimidation, cultural stereotyping and other signifiers of school force. Effective intercultural communicating, if decently inculcated among the pupils may decrease the happening of the mentioned jobs. This will be a qualitative history depicting the intercultural relationship and communicating in a high school schoolroom which Fosters high cultural diverseness. However, due to clip restraints, merely the discernible traits of the intercultural relationships may be observed profoundly. Demographical features of the participants may merely be used as back uping informations. With this, the tradition of Inquiry this research is intended to use is descriptive anthropology. One of the most normally used enquiries to measure intercultural communicating competency is ethnography ( Asante et al. , 2008 ) . In this survey, ethnography shall include description of the intercultural relationships and communicating, designation of job, barriers and their deductions, and the intercultural communicating accomplishments of the participants. Hence, the research worker should besides move as an active participant in the behavior of the research ( Scollon and Scollon, 2001 ) .Data Generation MethodThe trying method that will be used to choose the participants of this survey is purposive sampling. The research worker shall ask with the disposal of Rodriguez High School about which category has the highest incidence of cultural diverseness. However, the age degree of the pupils under this category should be identified to be mature plenty to understand the construct of cul tural diverseness and intercultural relationships and communicating, for that affair. However, the take parting category should be noted with a high incidence of cultural diverseness. Since the scene of the survey is a schoolroom scene, the participants for the survey will include all of the pupils and the home room instructor. In the instance that the category is excessively large for a focussed group treatment, random sampling will be applied and merely statistically important figure of participants will be included. Focused group treatment will be informations garnering method for the students/participants. The subject shall be cultural diverseness in a schoolroom scene. The flow of the treatment should be deductive in nature. First, the perceptual experiences of the pupils about cultural diverseness will be identified. Later on, intercultural communicating will be the chief focal point of the treatment. Again, the construct should be identified in a general point of position and can later on be applied to their ain schoolroom scene. This will come up their intercultural communicating accomplishments, and the bing intercultural communicating relationships among the students/participants. The research worker should be an perceiver and participant. The locust of control should be centered on the research worker to restrict the range of the treatment within the range of the survey merely. The home room instructor can besides move as the 3rd person/observer in the instance survey. For the in deepness interview, the home room instructor will be the participant. He/she will be the cardinal source sing the jobs, barriers, and intercultural communicating scheme within the schoolroom scene. The interview may besides be used to corroborate information gathered from the focal point group treatment with the pupils. Extra activity such as squad edifice may besides conducted with the instructor so as to detect the efficaciousness of the intercultural communicating scheme that will be recommend. The instruments that will be used for this survey include: self-administered questionnaire for the demographic features of the students/participants ; observation usher and if possible, audio or video recording equipment for more accurate certification of the focus-group treatment ; and interview agenda for the in deepness interview with the home room instructor. Extra stuffs may besides be needed to document the squad edifice activity with the instructor and the pupils. The information analysis and presentation for the demographical features of the participants will be frequency counts and per centums. This will be used to depict the heterogeneousness of the participants. On the focal point group treatment, informations analysis and presentation will be complete numbering of the intercultural relationships bing and intercultural communicating accomplishments that students/participants possess. Video clips or images may besides be shown. Last, for the in deepness interview qualitative analysis and complete numbering of the jobs and cultural barriers that he/she will place. For the squad edifice activity, narrative presentation, images, and video cartridge holders may be used to show and stress the observations. All information generated from these activities should be summarized and carefully analyzed to come up with an extended and comprehensive descriptive anthropology study.

Power and risk management in organizational context Essay

Power and risk management in organizational context - Essay Example Power according to organization context is defined differently by various scholars. The description by Max Weber (1947) as reported by Lindley (2006); defines Power as the likelihood that a performer within a social relationship will be in a position to do whatever he or she desires despite the resistant. However, Pfeffer (1992) as reported by Walker (2011); defines Power as the potential ability of a person to change the course of occurrence, make people do things that they would rather not do and to overcome resistant. Hatfield & Rapson says that Psychologist Bertram Raven and John French, confirms that power can be classified into five different categories. These grouping may include the Reward power, legitimate power, Expert power, and Coercive power and Referent power.Reward PowerReward power majorly depends on the resources and ability that a person has to reward others (Bertocci, 2009). For it to be effective, the target group must value the reward being offered. When consider ing an organization, managers have many possible rewards. These rewards may include promotion, more responsibility, praise, and recognition. Some may also include pay increment, favorable working assignment, new equipment, and feedback. Even though the managers have the power to implement positive reinforcement, the recipients are the one who holds the key. If the manager does not think that he or she is giving reward through listening, but subordinate sees this as rewarding, then, the manager poses a rewarding power.

Coastal engineeringdesign of a cocastal defence scheme in south east Essay

Coastal engineeringdesign of a cocastal defence scheme in south east england - Essay Example There would be safer swimming opportunities, and improved conditions on surfing. It is important that these benefits are for all the local community members and the surfers as well. From the results found, management and guidelines for the appraisal of coastal defence projects should be amended to incorporate non-market amenity benefits. The integration of the planning and management of the coastal land and associated inshore waters are the strategic and comprehensive attempts at the issues affecting the country's coastline. Since coastal defence has been unplanned in the past 10 years, a more strategic approach had been taken through the Shoreline Management Plan and the Coastal Defence Strategies. The protection of coastal land and the communities from the destruction of the sea is a major concern all over the world. Climate change and the predicted rise in sea levels are likely to further the concern in the future. In England, the estimate of over one million properties valued at over 130 billion are at risk from coastal flooding, 113,000 properties valued at 7.7 billion for coastal erosion. ... The good project appraisals are needed to ensure that the taxpayers would receive a good value for their money from coastal defence projects. Defra(then MAFF) in the UK had produced a series of flood and coastal defence projects and this includes a guidance documents for the appraisal of projects. The supplementary note does not address the changes made, the interim guidance does not address one of the key changes made in the revised book namely the incorporation of values for the non-market and environmental benefits and costs that are associated with flood and the coastal defence projects. One method of sea defence is groynes. Groynes are used in the UK and all over the world to prevent coastal erosion The use of timber, stones, concrete or steel in the construction of groynes. These are used to prevent "longshore" drift and to restore beach volume. It had been proven that the use of groynes play an important role in the protection of coastal system on shingle beaches and that groy nes can be a very good form of coastal management. The use of timber groynes declined by the introduction of beach nourishment scheme, moreover, timber groynes have poor characteristics that are susceptible to the creation of rip channels as well as higher levels of reflection than rock groynes. Rock had become a popular choice of construction material for groynes. The main reason for this is the intrinsic property to dissipate wave length energy and low levels of reflection. Rock groynes demonstrates more effectively than timber groynes, specifically on mixed sand and shingle beaches. Groynes are often regarded as unattractive. Houses uses the seawall as sea defence. The overflow of sea water is being prevented by the seawall. That is when water flows over the

Global Warming Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Global Warming - Essay Example It is a fact that global warming has been able to play a very significant role within the time and age of today and the role of the media has been abysmal to state the least. There has been emphasis on the fact that global warming has created global divide amongst the people. On the one hand, they decipher this as something which comes with the changing time while at the other, they think that global warming is creating more problems for the coming generations and the effects have started to come about today as well. The global warming ideology has been spoken about a great deal by the media since they believe that this is one topic that they cannot get rid of. They are of the opinion that talking about the global warming issue would only make people realize about the gravity of the situation at hand and what exactly needs to be done about the very same. The media thus derives its platform through such discussions on global warming because it feels that it has got a responsibility to which it has to stick. The supporters of media playing its role within global warming suggest that media has touched the finer points which would warrant attention by the people in a positive way. Indeed it is important to make people aware of the global warming issues which are taking place all over the world and have been in the news for good or bad reasons. Also the different newspapers, magazines and editorials have brought much pressure on the bodies which have been enacted in the name of global warming. This is the reason why global warming has been seen as a major deterrent towards creating problems for the people and more so their younger generations. This involves just about everyone and not the human beings alone.

International Politics Explain why foreign aid does not work as Essay

International Politics Explain why foreign aid does not work as intended in Competitive, Individualistic, Cooperative views - Essay Example Many scholars have formulated views on why foreign aid is a venture doomed to fail. We examine the prospect using the competitive, individualistic and competitive views. The competitive view states that nations use foreign aid as a means of gaining political and economic advantage over other nations. What drives them is the desire to polarize power towards them. We can find many examples of this in history. The Cold War saw the Soviet Union and the United States pouring out aid to countries who pledge allegiance to them. Cuba saw crude oil worth billions of dollars coming from the USSR with the agreement that they let USSR build missile silos directed against major cities of the United States. The United States was also guilty of buying out allegiances such as pre-war Vietnam and the Philippines. Foreign aid fails to fulfill its function of helping others because allegiances imply certain trade-offs. Trade liberalization, for example, opens up the poor country's market to the donor. What happens is that the local industry fails to grow because they can't compete with the highly mechanized firms of the donor. Donors would also require that the poor c ountry direct majority of its export destinations to them and prohibit them from doing any kind of business with the other 'competitors'.

1. Whether the arrival of immigrants to Australia have been Research Proposal

1. Whether the arrival of immigrants to Australia have been detrimental or beneficial to Australian - Research Proposal Example The objective of the paper is to discuss the effect witnessed by Australia owing to its increasing immigration rate. Aimed to identify the virtues and the drawbacks of migration with strong affects on the economic stance of Australia, three methods are intended to be implemented in this discussion. The methods are discourse analysis, in depth interview and group discussion. Immigration refers to the act when a person from his/her birthplace i.e. home country attempts to settle in another country for the purpose of education or employment or any other similar reasons. With this regards, Rowthorn (2004) has stated that the study of immigration is a difficult process. However, through the article, the author was able to conclude that it is generally advantageous to welcome immigrants to the country so that the birth rate can be controlled along with encouraging equality in terms of wealth distribution. It is in this context that economic conditions of the host country can be witnessed as developing nature with the entrance of immigrants as they are charged with higher taxes than the locale population (Rowthorn, 2004). Considering the example of Gypsies as the migrating population connecting its roots to no particular nation having different languages and culture, Armillei (2011) had initiated to develop an understanding regarding the pros and the cons of migration. The authors revealed that Gypsies’ culture and different languages create a misunderstanding in the economic environment for the host country encouraging the distinct dimensions of culture as well as economic hierarchy. Even though, this raises the heritage of the socio-cultural significance of the country, it is quite likely that the social institutions of the economy will have to face major conflicts in developing innovative systems and controlling such vibrant dimensions

Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design Essay - 1

Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design - Essay Example It is quite a task organizing the different professions and the re-designing process is costly if it involves already existing structures. CPTEDs emphasises on design and land use and it is different from traditional approaches towards crime. Traditional approaches emphasized on using physical or artificial barriers to deny criminals access to their targets (Stummvoll, 2012). CPTED therefore aims at improving from this method, which overlooked the opportunities that existed in natural access control and surveillance. CPTED incorporates these overlooked strategies besides territorial enforcement.This system bases on a theory, which states that adequate designs and effective use of the built environment could lead to a reduction in the incidence as well as fear of crime (Tipton &Krause, 2010). This policy has been applicable in several situations and one successful instance was in Sarasota, Florida. The planners implemented CPTED strategies to curb crime in the North trail area of Sara sota. In 1990, the City of Sarasota, decided to revitalize its North Trail area. The number of prostitutes was increasing; old buildings were present as well as restrictive zoning codes (Atlas, 2010). This factors increased crime hence discouraging economic investments and lowering the living standards of the community. Sarasota therefore sought to organize a CPTED Task Force that was to work under the authority of the city manager. The purpose of the task force was to amend some of the city laws that involved zonal restrictions (Atlas, 2010). Eventually, the planners adopted a resolution in support of CPTED in issues affecting designing and redevelopment projects. They referred to the study area as the North Trail Corridor. By analyzing the short-term events and results, the method proved effective. The city police departments used high-visibility patrols and acted in undercover (Atlas, 2010). They collaborated with motel owners to

Demographic Trend Essay Example for Free

Demographic Trend Essay The demographic trends that will have an influential impact on the needs of human services in the future will be growth and change in the populations of seniors. Person 65 and over is expected to double in size within the next 25 years in the United States population. According the (U.S. Census Bureau, 2009), Hispanic older adults is likely to go from 2.2 million in 2004 to over 15 million by 2050. It is expected to be the largest minority amongst older people by 2028. Some current trends of human service delivery that will be impacted and accentuated will be among seniors. There will be more women than men, have increased educational levels, they will probably lead active lives, live independent and be more healthy. Changes in the population will have challenges for human services during the next 50 years. Some areas will be income assistance, health care, housing, employment, the way we take part in leisure opportunities and environmental modification. The real median income for older citizens fell 2.8% for men and 3.6% for women and incomes are expected to keep declining. Human services such as mobile meal delivery and home health care make it easy for many older individuals to stay in the homes that they own or rent. Many would like to â€Å"age in place†. Older Americans are choosing to not live with their adult children; they do not want to lose their independence. Assisted living institutions help the aged to obtain and keep their independence. They keep their personal space and have social services to aid them with leisure activities, social support and cultural values. As we enter the Human Service profession we will see clients and other professionals who are different from ourselves. They were raised in other countries, have different economic backgrounds, speak various languages and be of various ages and genders. They would have entered the United States under unique circumstances. Human Services are available to more clients of diversified natures in rural areas, the military, schools and the work place for which all of these increase clients who will need these services and the professionals who can provide them. Community-based services were first introduced to clients with mental illness and who were deinstitutionalized. Today the criminal justice system, the developmentally disabled and seniors are all a part of these services. In rural areas there will always be  barriers of service delivery which include limited availability of workers, distances between clients and those who provide the services, cost, and issues of confidentiality and in what way the care will be carried out. We as a society must find ways to tackle and progress towards a solution to keep these barriers from overwhelming us to prevent the human services that are so badly needed by many. The following is from (An In troduction to Human Services, Chapter 3). Table 3.3 Summary Points Trends The effect of urbanization in poor countries will contribute to create difficulties in meeting the basic needs of people. Demographic shifts in the United States raise questions about immigration policies, language, employment and entitlement programs. One important shift is the growth and change of the older population, which indicates an increase in the number of seniors as well as changes in characteristics. Economic downturns create human service challenges for individuals and families. Clients will remain active participants in human service delivery. Advocacy as a helping skill continues to increasingly important. The Mental Health Patient’s Bill of Rights covers issues such as the right to know, confidentiality, choice, determination of treatment, nondiscrimination and treatment review. Through the use of all professionals equally sharing the burden of distributing these services as needed, will depend on the cooperation of all those involved whether it is direct contac t or through the use of referrals of other organizations. An Introduction of Human Services, Seventh Edition, Chapter 3, Human Services Today. The U.S. Census Bureau (2009) _ HYPERLINK Http://www.nationalhumanservices.org _Http://www.nationalhumanservices.org_

History of Womens Rights in Britain

History of Womens Rights in Britain British society has undergone many changes in the period before the 1st World War, the industrialization that changes in womens life promoted womens independence and emancipated them from the patriarchy (June Purvis, Jane Humphries, 1995, P86). During that time British society has undergone a radical change in employment levels and composition of social classes. While the men were at the front, the English women participated massively in the war effort in the arms industry the munitionnettes, and the political struggle to conquer the right to vote was conducted by the suffragettes. The year1918 is considered a transitional year in the acquisition of voting rights given to English women. ONeil W.L described the vote as a reward gave to women for their dedicated service during the war. (Their performance on the home front won English women to vote, 1969, p79) However, it appears obvious to ask why the vote in 1918 under the Representation of the People Act gives the right to vote only to women over 30 years and excluded young women who worked in munitions factories. The economic and social role played by women during the First World War has helped give them the right to vote, however, other factors must also be taken into account. We first explore the time period before the 1st World War that led to electoral reforms of 1918 and the years of struggle and activism. Similarly, we show the action undertaken by the suffragettes before and during the war but also the social and economic role of women. Finally, we analyze the consequences of granting the right to vote. The British suffragist did not plead equality of gender, but instead justified their claims by the difference between men and women (M.Pugh 1992, p3). It is judicious to remember what the political rights of English women were especially before 1918. Women have not always been excluded from parliamentary elections. The following years show, however, through the action of the first organizations suffragists, slight changes in the legislation for women: in 1869, the taxpayers and single women won the right to participate in municipal elections (Borough election), the Education Act of 1870, opened the school boards to women (June Purvis, 1995, p280), the Municipal Corporation Act of 1882 allowed them to elect representatives to the Municipal Council. The law on property rights for married women ( Married Women Property Act) (June Purvis, 1995, P283) was also significant in that it represents a clear recognition of legal emancipation, because before a married womans property was owned by her husband (June Purvis, 1995, p76). The Married Womens Property Committee (J. Purvis, 1995, P282) founded in 1865 by Dr. Pankhurst had always believed that before fighting for the right to vote, women should have control of their own money ( married women had no legal existence from their husbands, they had no rights over their property). It was done in 1882. In 1894, the government gives the right to vote to married women. No more reforms came after 1894 in favour of the improving of the women situation. The suffragist movement starts with two majors rivals ideological organisations: The National Union of Womens Suffrage Societies (NUWSS) and the Womens Social and Political Union (J. Purvis, 1995, P296). In 1861, on 10380558 women in England and Wales, there were 2293752 bachelors and widows (A. Rosen, 1974, p3). Employment opportunities for women of the middle class were also very limited: education except universities comprised 72.5% of women (Lee Holcombe, 1973 P203) but very poorly paid, and domestic work. This difficulty of single women to find a job paying enough incentive to Ladies of Langham Place (J. Purvis, SS Holton, 2000, p59) to begin a series of campaigns from 1850 and was certainly one of the reasons led to the emergence and expansion of the feminist movement. First suffragist organised movement appeared in 1867, when a new electoral law voted by the Liberals, widened the electorate to male workers in cities and nothing to women. The indignation of women increased when the electoral reform of 1884 by Conservative gave the vote to agricultural workers and nothing to women. In 1897, the movement was reorganised and consolidated within National Union of Womens Suffrage Societies, chaired by Millicent Garrett Fawcett (J Purvis, S S Holton, 1995, p285) who claimed the parliamentary franchise for women on the same terms as it is or may be granted to men. The NUWSS directed his efforts by conversion of the public opinion and adopted a neutral attitude with political parties. The main militant and most famous suffragist movement is the Womens Social and Political Union, founded in October 1903 in Manchester by Emmeline Pankhurst in order to promote, through social and political work, interests of workers. Christabel, the eldest daughter of Emmeline Pankhurst noticed how constitutional action of Mrs. Fawcett is unsuccessful decided to participate in a political meeting, harassing MPs. Deed not Words was their permanent motto (J. Purvis, Sandra Stanley, 2000, P111). On October 13, 1905, at a Liberal Party meeting in Manchester, Christabel and Annie Kenney (youngest member of the WSPU) attempted to question Sir Edward Gray on the future intentions of the Liberal government on the issue of womens suffrage, Will the Liberal Government, if returned, give votes to women?(June Purvis, 2000, p112) They received no reply, they were forcibly evicted by policemen, and Christabel committed the technical offense of spitting at a policeman in order to be arrested. They did not pay the fine and were sent to jail for three days (S. Pankhurst, 1931, p189-191). Across the country, the suffragettes began to disrupt meetings and prosecute ministers who appeared in public. Imprisonment multiplied, made of a suffragette as a martyr (J. Purvis, M. Mulvey-Roberts, 2000, P159). In June 1906, Christabel took the head of the party and announced that WSPU will adopt an impartial attitude towards all the other candidates. On October 12, 1907, a constitution written by Teresa Billington was adopted (Andrew Rosen, 1974, p72), is providing the primary objective of obtaining the right to vote, which was used to establish equal rights and opportunities. Six strategies were considered, including the main lines: opposition to all government, Participation in Parliamentary Elections in opposition to the Government candidate and independently of all other candidates, vigorous stirring and education of public opinion. In 1909, began the second phase of militant action, with hunger strikes (J Purvis, 2000, p160) (to obtain the status of political prisoners) and new methods more violent, which the government responded with repression. The demonstrators were brutalized, arrested, and the hunger strikes were controlled by ordering to force suffragettes to feed (J Purvis, 2000, P145). After 1911, however, activism became increasingly violent; methods of WSPU did not generate support from the public opinion and politicians. The suffragists had begun to break windows, cause arson, setting fire to letterboxes, thereby attracting the growing hostility of the population. A significant number of suffragettes left in 1907, the WSPU, and follow direction of Mrs. Charlotte Despard, with the Womens Freedom League, which advocated passive resistance, for example, tax-resistance, to refuse that single women to pay tax (J. Purvis, 1995, P291-292) or to participate in the census. The suffragettes actions have seriously undermined the unity and the strength of the suffrage movement. By transgressing the laws, the suffragettes knew to seek attention to womens demands by refusing to obey the laws made by men only, to discredit the government by revealing its inability to respects laws and to pressure the government in order to have positive answer to their request. The militant activities were attributed to hysteria activist hysteria (J. Purvis, SS Holton, 2000, p159), they went against the goals they set themselves. In1908, was created the Womens National Anti-Suffrage League, headed by Mrs. Humphry Ward, and their objectives where, first to resist the proposal to admit women to the parliamentary Franchise and to parliament and, to maintain the principle of the representation of women on municipal and other bodies concerned with domestic and social affairs of the community (J Purvis, 2000, P208). Even if inequalities still existed, we must recognize that progress has been made since the mid-nineteenth century with the Matrimonial Causes Act (1857) (J. Purvis, 1995, p76), the custody of Children (1873), the property rights for married women (1870 and 1882), the right to vote in municipal elections (1869). We must also remember that the idea of womens suffrage is in the minds of the population. The WW1 and the departure of men to the front emphasized the female workforce, with highlighting condition of work, prejudices, and discriminations at work. The declaration of the war cause important unemployment especially for women. In September 1914, 44% of women workers were unemployed against 27,4 % for men (MN Bonnes Raud, 1992, p357). In January 1915, 2 million of men in a total of 10, 6 million of men joined the army (M Pugh, 1992, p19). In March 1915, the Ministry of Commerce called to any woman wishing to participate in the war effort by working in industry, agriculture or commerce, to register on Register of Women for War Service . First, it was individual initiatives; women replace their husbands in shops, in offices. The women learned to perform in difficult factories, thus ending the reluctance of employers to hire them. Women held positions reserved for men (bus drivers, inspectors, window cleaners) and worked in munitions factories needed for the war. Women worked not only in the army industry but also in administration, and banks. Women had lower wages against men, before 1914, women worked and earned less than the half of men wages. The Treasury Agreement of 1915, did not stop the wage discrimination between men and women. The agreement ensured equal pay for work piece without mentioning hourly wages. In 1906, the female wage in textile was 58,5 % lower then mens wages, the average female wage was 43,7% less than men. (AL Bowley. Wages and Income in UK since 1860 (CUP 1937): MN Bonnes Raud p333). Between July 1914 and July 1918, the number of employed women rose from 4.93 million to 6.19 million, an increase of 1.26 million (M Pugh, 1992, p20). The war enabled women to access a greater number of jobs, sometimes better paid and more rewarding. The office work was more successful than agriculture for which we recruited many women (note 30 P66) but the conditions were not only harsh but also very similar to domestic service (M Pugh, 1992, P23). In October 1918, the Parliamentary gives to the right to vote for English women over the age 30. Women over 21 years waited until 1928 to get the right to vote equal to men. Laws counted many injustices in 1918 and to causes to defend were still numerous in divorce, succession, inheritance, right to vote, laws on nationality, child custody, employment opportunities and wages. Regarding wages, in 1970, the parliament voted a law on equal pay Equal Pay Act. Ten years after 1918, were characterized by numerous laws that change the legal and the personal status of the English women. Married women and mothers obtained to be treated with more justice and humanity. The Property law of 1922, Law and property Act recognized the equality of husband and wife, father and mother, son and daughter when a parent or a child died. Three laws dealing with divorce, the custody of children aim to more equality: the Matrimonial Causes Act of 1923 correct the Act of 1857 and made adultery a reason for div orce, The Summary Juridiction Act of 1925 increased the number of reason for women to separate from her the husband, and abolish the obligation for a women to leave her husband before initiating proceedings against him; The Guardianship of Infant Act granted to both spouses equal rights for custody of child in the case of divorce or separation. Regarding the status of single mothers Affiliation Orders Act of 1918, increased alimony to pay by the father for an illegitimate child, The bastardy Act of 1923, The Legitimacy Act of 1926, legitimized the born of the children outside of the marriage in the case of previous marriage, and Illegitimate Children Scotland Act of 1930. In 1926, a law of adoption Adoption of Children Act gave more security to the adopted child and parents that enable to increase the number of adoption. In 1925, the Widows Orphans and Old Age Pensions Act gave more social justice for widows, orphans, old-age people. Finally in 1925, the Criminal Justice Act ended the presumption that married women who committed crimes in the presence of her husband did it under duress of him. Conclusion: The traditional conception of women in Britain was strengthened by the First World War, with improvement in social policy and especially, in getting the right to vote and to be in the workplace. Indeed, if the right to vote should be considered as reward given to women, the first awarded were mothers but no young women who worked in factories because law established a minimum age of 30 years. Failures by the suffragist movement before 1914 show the little interest of politicians in women claims. However, they were able to use propaganda to attract women to work in industries. The pres showed pictures of women wearing trousers fashioning shells, or a post-office worker with a uniform driving trucks post. Once the war ended, in 1920, two thirds of women who had entered the workforce between 1914 and 1918 had left. A year later, the number of working women was slightly higher than in 1914 (A. Marwick, 1977, p 162). In February 1919, the number of workers had declined overall by 12.9% to -44.1% in the metallurgical industry, and -78.6% in the national armaments factories, the positive figures include clothing and food (MN Bonnes Raud, 1992 p447). The work of women proved that it was temporary propaganda supported by the government and the press. Inequalities among women in the workplace existed (type of job, wages), and they were not integrated like men. Women became certainly more aware about their values and men discovered that their wives, mothers, and young women are able to play an important role in the British history. References: A. Marwick, Women at war, 1914-1918, London : Croom Helm (for) the Imperial War Museum, 1977. Andrew Rosen, Rise up, women! : The militant campaign of the Womens Social and Political Union, 1903-1914: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1974, P3. E. Sylvia, Pankhurst, The suffragette movement: an intimate account of persons and ideals, London: Longmans, Green, 1931 P189-191. Jane Purvis, Womens History: Britain, 1850-1945. An Introduction. 1995. Jane Purvis and S.S. Holton (eds.) Votes for women, 2000. Lee Holcombe, Victorian ladies at work: middle-class working women in England and Wales, 1850-1914, Newton Abbot: David and Charles, 1973. M. PUGH, Women and the Womens Movement in Britain 1914-1959, Basingstoke: Macmillan Education, 1992. MN Bonnes Raud, Les femmes au service de linstitution militaire en Grande-Bretagne pendant la Premià ¨re guerre mondiale (Doctorat, Bordeaux 3, 1992), P357. ONeill, William L, The woman movement: feminism in the United States and England, London: Allen Unwin, 1969, P79.

What extent is Psychopathy a disorder of empathy

What extent is Psychopathy a disorder of empathy Current literature seats a lack of empathy as one of the most distinguishing symptoms of psychopathy (APA, 1994). Commonly found amongst the factor one items of diagnostic criteria, it is valued as part of the core psychopathic personality; essential to understanding the disorder (Kantor 2006). It is, for example both common and plausible to attribute the recidivistic violation of social, moral and legal norms (characteristic to psychopathy) to a distinct lack of empathy. Paradoxically, individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) are also claimed to lack empathy, yet the discrepancies between the disorders (psychopathy and ASD) raise questions as to whether such claims are fully justified. Some of these discrepancies include (a) the inability to form attachments in psychopathy versus the ability to do so in ASD (b) Amorality in psychopathy vs. a degree of morality in ASD (Frith de Vignemont 2007) (c) Sadistic, premeditated and inexcusable antisocial behaviour in pyshcopathy vs. innocent and excusable antisocial behaviour in ASD (Hansman Hummelen 2006). This essay will explore the great extent to which Psychopathy (compared to ASD) reflects a significant disorder of empathy. It will selectively and briefly address (a) the role of empathy in typically developed individuals (b) the definition of empathy and the type of empathic deficits present in Psychopathic and ASD populations (c) Empathic dysfunction as an essential determinant of psychopathic tendencies. Empathy is said to be the cornerstone of morality; central to the development and maintenance of friendships and romantic relationships. The ability to understand another persons perspective and share in their emotional state (Baron- Cohen 2003) puts constraints on impulsivity, inhibits violent and aggressive behaviour and hence strengthens sociability (Stoff, Breiling Maser 1997). Simultaneously the absence of empathy produces adverse/opposite effects (stoff et al 1997), most of which (in its entirety) are manifest in Psychopaths .Empathy has not escaped the common setback of being defined and used in an range of ways by an range of authors (Hoffman, 1987) but for the purpose of this essay, empathy will be acknowledged in terms of its cognitive, affective (and motor) components. The cognitive component of Empathy encompasses Theory of mind or mind reading, which entails the capacity to understand another persons feelings and take their perspective (Baron- Cohen 2008 pg 62). Interestingly, Psychopaths do, to a certain extent possess the ability to understand the feelings and perspective of others, in fact they must do: to be so successfully manipulative. Consistent with this, Psychopaths are unimpaired on measures of theory of mind, even when tested on the Advanced theory of mind test (Blair 2005).They are superb mind readers enabling them to deceive and swindle other people( Frith 2003) as well as mimic empathy for their own gain (motor empathy). Dangerously mistaken for being charming, likable and a great success with the ladies (Cleckely), psychopaths possess skills (if I may call it that) to superficially blend into society and cognitively identify (not emotionally) with the perspective of others. At this superficial level of interaction and continuous ma sking of sanity, psychopaths can never form genuine attachments : empathic deficits result in self centeredness ,disregard for others emotions , impulsivity, behavioural problems and a lack of remorse; confirmed by an inability to sustain long term relationships, parasitic lifestyle and promiscuous sexual behaviour (Hare 1991). Autistic individuals however, differ from psychopaths on both cognitive and behavioural levels (Rogers, Vidina, Blair, Frith Happe 1997). They lack theory of mind profoundly, have difficulty in interpreting /predicting the intentions, behaviour and thoughts of others (Frith 2003) and therefore cannot socially interact, even on the superficial level that psychopaths do. The observed lack of empathic behaviours in ASD may be attributed to the inability to mentalize or correctly evaluate social situations (e.g. distress in others), resulting in antisocial behaviour (e.g. social withdrawal,) misinterpreted as uncaring (Rogers et al 1997). According to Blair (1999), once autistic individuals are aware of others mental states, appropriate emotional responses are given. Autistic individuals can also form strong attachments to caregivers (Sigman Capps 1997). There is no cognitive empathic deficit in psychopathy; only the manipulation of their intact form, to their own ends. The antisocial b ehaviour (comprising factor two of diagnosis) is often premeditated, exploitative and repetitive (Hansmen Hummelen 2006); indicative of a Psychopaths inability to empathise with the emotional impact on their victims. Psychopaths lack the emotional component of empathy which is defined as an affective response more appropriate to someone elses situation than to ones own (Hoffman, 1987: p.48). However, through manipulation of cognitive empathy, psychopaths are able to exercise motor empathy in order to substantiate and disguise the reality that they are without emotional empathy. This lack of emotional empathy equates to the inability to connect emotionally with ones perspective, thus producing impaired/inappropriate responses as a result. Psychopaths have selectively impaired emotional processing (Hare 1991); (relative to controls) they show significantly reduced autonomic responses to expression of fear and sadness as well as aversive events (Blair 1999). Supporting evidence is the dysfunction (hypo activation and reduced volumes) of the amgydala (key in emotional processing) and orbio frontal cortex observed in Psychopathic populations. Autistic individuals however, show physiological responses to others distress, indicative of intact emotional empathy, possibly accounting for their ability to distinguish between moral and conventional rules whilst psychopaths cannot (Blair 2005). Impairments in emotional empathy predispose Psychopaths to the characteristics that are the bedrock of the disorder e.g. Shallow affect, callousness, behavioural problems, and lack of guilt, and the extent to which this is true become magnified when Psychopathy is compared to ASD. Without Depreciating the cognitive, social and emotional deficits present in ASD; autistic individuals are loveable and respond to love, affection, fear and anxiety (Quinn Quinn 2006 pp), suggesting emotional empathy may not require the ability mentalize. Critically speaking, Psychopathic tendencies do reflect biologically predisposed deviances in emotion, personality traits and behaviour and may stem from an array of (other) deficits in e.g. (a) processing of general emotions but specifically negative affect , (b) passive avoidance learning , (c) behavioural inhibition , and (d) violence inhibition mechanisms (Herve Yuille 2007). Yet although investigators place varied emphasis on individual deficits, emp athic dysfunction has its (cause or effect) role to play in many of them. Appreciating the unlikelihood for any one explanation, of any disorder to suffice; we conclude on the note that psychopathy is a disorder of empathy to a very great extent; yet not without additional and intermingling deficits.

Bowen Family Therapy Essay -- Psychology

Introduction Murray Bowen was born in 1913 in Tennessee and died in 1990. He was the oldest child in a large cohesive family. He trained as a psychiatrist and originally practiced within the psychoanalytic model. In his practice he involved mothers in the investigation of schizophrenic patients. He thought that the cause of schizophrenia begun in mother-child symbiosis which created an anxious and unhealthy attachment. His devotion to his own psychoanalytic training was set aside after his move to the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) in 1954 as he begun to shift from an individual focus to an appreciation of the dimensions of families as systems. He began to include more family members in his research and psychotherapy with schizophrenic patients. In 1959, he moved to Georgetown University and established the Georgetown Family Centre where he was a director until his death. It was here where his theory was extended to less severe emotional problems (Nichols & Schwartz, 2004, p. 120). In 1962, he undertook detailed research into families across several generations. Rather than developing a theory about pathology, Bowen focused on what he saw as the common patterns of all ‘human emotional systems’. With such a focus on the qualitative similarities of all families, Bowen was known to say frequently that there is a little schizophrenia in all of us. In 1966, Bowen published a presentation of his developing ideas and around the same time, used his concepts to guide his intervention in an emotional crisis in his own extended family which he described as a spectacular breakthrough (Kerr & Bowen, 1988). Theory concepts Bowen introduced eight interlocking concepts to explain family development and functioning. ... ...stems.ca /bowen theory and research/bowen theory Bowen, M. (1971). Family therapy and family group therapy. In Comprehensive group psychotherapy, H. Kaplan and B. Sadock, eds. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. Bowen, M. (1978). Family therapy in clinical practice. NY and London, Jason Aroson Brown, J. (1999). Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy (ANZJFT) 20(2), 94-103. Retrieved : http://www.familysystemstraining.com/papers/bowen-illustration-and-critique.html Guerin, P.J. (1976). Family therapy: Theory and practice. New York: Gardner Press Kerr, M., & Bowen, M. (1988). Family evaluation. New York: Norton Nichols, M.P. & Schwartz, R.C. (2004). Family therapy: Concepts and methods (6th ed.). Pearson Education Inc. US Rabstejnek, C. (2010). Family Systems and Murray Bowen theory. Web. 13 August 2015. http://www.houd.info /bowenTheory.pdf

The Influences of C.G. Jung Essay -- Jung

The Influences of C.G. Jung      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Carl Gustav Jung was influenced by literature, symbolism, religion, and the occult From a very young age. Jung's influencs remained with him as he became a doctor of medicine and a psychological theorist. The philosophical, the supernatural, the symbolic, the religious, and the occult all influenced Jung's area of psychological expertise, making Jung's psychology not only unique to Jung, but also pioneering in the field of general psychoanalysis.    In Ernest Gallo's article "Synchronicity and the Archetypes. (Carl Jung's Doctrines)", Gallo cites that Jung was "deeply drawn to the occult" (Gallo, 1994). Jung's younger cousin, Helen Preiswerk, had the ability to actually shatter knives in a drawer "with a loud bang" (Gallo, 1994). This and other similar cases caused Jung to write his medical dissertation about occult phenomena using this cousin as his subject. Gallo continues by citing that "while Jung was arguing with Freud about psychic phenomena, a loud noise emanated from a bookcase; Jung predicted that it would be repeated and was highly impressed when this portentous prediction came true." (Gallo, 1994). Jung also reported that "he saw the vision of a face half buried in the pillow next to him" (Gallo, 1994). Despite Jung's lack of doubt toward these experiences, Gallo says that "Jung was far more than a simple occultist." (Gallo, 1994), and that Jung was "engagingly skeptical about his wilder speculations" (Gallo, 1994).    The son of a Protestant Minister, Jung also had ties to western religion. Ties that showed themselves in his beliefs and writings (Microsoft Encarta 96 Encyclopedia). Jung cited the importance of the unconscious as a religious channel in his psycho... ...s Cited and Consulted Abstracts of the Collected Works of C. G. Jung. (1976). Rockville, Maryland: Princeton University Press. Bookshelf 1996-97 [Computer program]. (1996). Microsoft. Coursen, Herbert R. (1986). The compensatory Psyche: A Jungian Approach to Shakespeare. Lanham, MD: University Press of America. Gallo, Ernest (Summer 1994). Synchronicity and the Archetypes. (Carl Jung's Doctrines). Skeptical Inquirer, pp. 396 - 404. Jung, Carl G., & von Franz, M.-L. (1964). Man and his Symbols. Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Co., Inc. Kast, Verena (1996). The process of individuation. Retrieved June 17, 1997 from the World Wide Web: http://www.jungnet.org/cgibin/dispatch Microsoft Encarta 96 Encyclopedia [Computer program] (1995). Microsoft. Moreno, Antonio (1978). Jung, gods, & Modern Man. London: Sheldon Press.      

Cry Freedom

Donald Woods is an editor of the Daily Dispatch, a Journal in East London, South Africa. One morning he gets news of a police raid in the black township Crossroads which lies in Cape Town. He also gets photos of the raid and he decides to print them although the government doesn ‘t allow to print such photos. Woods doesn t believe the demand of the black people but he is trained as a lawyer and doesn ‘t like police brutality against black people. So he also writes an editorial about a Biko, the leadership of ?The SC†. The next day Dr.Mamphela who works for Biko in is clinic, comes to Woods office to speak to him, about this article. She is very angry, because she thinks, that Woods has printed rubbish about Biko and that he is uninformed about the ideas that Biko has. So she invents him to meet Biko in his banning area. chapter 2 and 3: Some days later Woods meets Steven Biko in an old church were he wants to make a centre for black people. First he is critical agai nst Biko, but then he listens to Biko's opinion and they mentally changed the roles. Biko also goes with Woods to the clinic, which Biko has built.The clinic is only for black people, with black workers and a black doctor. But Woods already think that black and whits should work together, but he also understands, that the blacks wants something that they put up themselves. At the end Biko invites Woods to come and see how black people in South Africa really live. chapter 4 and 5: In the black township, they eat with a black family. Biko, the family and are discussing about the system, the history how the white came to South Africa and how the black people got their bad situation which they have now.After this visit Woods change his mind, because he sees for the first time how worse the black has to live, how big their espair is but also how strong their togetherness stay. At the end of this day Biko and Woods become friends. chapter 6: Six weeks later Woods gives TenJy and Mapetla, two friends of Biko, a Job in his newspaper. Mapetla takes Woods and Ken to a footballmatch of the black. Instead of the match Biko helds a speech. Ken and Woods were convinced by this speech and the ideas Biko represent. hapter 7: After the match Biko is caught by the police because an informer of the government had told the police about the speech. In the police office Biko gets hit by Captain De Wet. After he fght between Biko and De Wet two policemen throw Biko out of the office. Two weeks later Biko is a main witness for the defence of two student organizations who arranged two years before a large meeting in support of the new government in Mozambique. Woods prints the words of Biko although it is against the law. chapter 8: In this night Captain De Wet and two other policemen smash all things of value in the church.Donald Woods cannot print this in his newspaper because the witness is a black man called Dilima and if Woods prints his name, Dilima would kill by the police. So Woods approach to Kruger, the Minister of Police, and speaks with him about the incident. The minister declares him that he will pursues that matter because he doesn ‘t want that such sort of things happen. Woods thinks that the police men aren't as worse as many blacks think, Woods unfortuantely trust him. chapter 9: But on sunday afternoon two policemen come and want to know the name of the witness from Woods.Woods explains them that he was by Kruger and he gets angry because Kruger had betrayed him. Because the two havent a warrant Woods could send them away without saying the name. It does not happen anything for weeks and Woods thinks that it is alright. But it is not. chapter 10: One night the two policemen check the passport of Woods black housekeeper Evalina. Woods throws them out of his property. The next day, the police take revenge: Three men jump out of a car and take Mapetla in it. Donald Woods thinks that Mapetla gets beaten by them and that they make an example so that no other black person will dare him.Two days later TenJy gets arrested without any charges. After a week Mapetla is dead. The official explanation of the death from Mapetla is, that he anged himself. But Biko and Woods cannot believe that, so Biko demands a inquest. TenJy is the main witness at the inquest but the Judge closes the inquest without fix the death of Mapetla on anybody. chapter 1 1: Biko drives to Cape Town to speak in an important meeting of black students although he knows that it's forbidden for him. On the way back form Cape Town the car was stopped by the police and they want to see the papers from Biko.As they recognize the person in the car, they arrest him promptly to the prison in Port Elizabeth. Six days later the police call a doctor to look at Biko. The body is covered with bruises, the forehead and eyes seriously injured. On the chest and lips are cuts. The doctor orders to bring Biko in a hospital. Although the doctor tells them that Biko possible has a brain damage they want to bring him to the police hospital in Pretoria a 1000 kilometres away and not to Port Elizabeth Wich is only 4 kilometres away because they would have the control about him.The doctor cannot do anything against the police and so they put Biko on a blanket at the floor in the back of a Land Rover. Then they drive with Biko on thousand km rough country roads and during the Journey Biko's head is bumping on he floor. chaper 12: Biko dies and Woods prints a article about him with the headline â€Å"BIKO DIES IN CUSTODY†. The Minister of Police denies police responsibility and he says that Biko has been arrested outside his banning area and died because he starved himself to dead.One day after Bikos dead Ntsiki, who is the wife of Biko, Woods and Ken go to the mortuary to find out how Biko actually died. They were all shocked by the appearance of Biko's body, the lips are swollen, a huge lump on the forehead and many bruises around his eyes. Ken sudde nly puts out a small camera and makes photos of Biko's body. Woods and his wife arrive at the funeral and they see thousands of black people with pictures of Biko. There would come more black people but there are road-blocks of the police. The mood of the crowd is angry but also sorrowful.After a speech the crowd begin to sing the African Song which Steven Biko loved. chapter 13: Woods wants that other newspapers write about Biko's death, because if he does, the government would shut the Daily Dispatch. But all the other newspapers are also afraid and wouldn't fight the system this way. So Woods decides to fly to New York under a false name. The day he leave he sends the photos to England an America printed the pictures of Biko's body and demands on an inquest. But on the airport two securitys stopp Woods and bring him in an office.There Lieutnant Beukes reads from a warrent to Woods that he becomes a banning person for five years. chapter 14: Although the police forbid Woods to wri te he starts to write a book about Biko ‘s life, because he thinks that Bikos ideas have to live on. family has to escape from South Africa if they don ‘t want to get killed. Wendy first doesn't agree with this idea and the two have a big conflict. A few days later, the hildren of Woods reached a anonym parcel with poissoned Shirts. After this awful experience Wendy also wants to publish the book. hapter 15: So Woody quickly begins to plan the escape with Father Kani and Bruce McCullough. The 31st December in the night Woods escape begins: He disguise himself in father Curren and Wendy drives Woods to King Williams town, from where he hitch-hike to a place beyond Queenstown. There he meet Father Kant, who drives him to the edge of the river Telle. In the early morning of the 1st January Woods should crossover the river but it doesnt work because the river was too wide and deep. So he went back to the edge of the river. chapter 16: Woods knows that Tami, a friend of Biko lives near, so he walks to him.Tami brings him by car to the Telle Bridge, when Woods wants to open the gate, a Land Rover stopp in front of him. Fortunately the man, called Moses, was from the postal service and he even take Woods to Maseru. At the passport station he has no problems, so he gets to Lesotho without more problems. There he quickly phones to his family, they also follow. chaper 17: Moses brings Woods to the point where he meets Bruce, who brings him to Maseru, where he talks to the Brithis cting high Cmmisioner to ask him to enter their country. chapter 18: The next morning Woods family also arrives in Lesotho.The whole family gets passports from the United Nations and flyes with a private pilot, who wills to fly over South Africa without landing. Woods felt a little sad when he sees his homeland because he might never see it again. But he was also happy, because he will publish his book and show Biko's ideas to the whole world. He hopes that men's minds could be chan ge, before the price become too high. In his mind he hears the crowd of thousands singing at Biko's funeral. Donald Woods is one of the important persons in the story. He is married with Wendy and has five children.Woods is 42 and the editor of the Daily Dispatch. In the beginnig of the book he doesn t believe that black people should be allowed to vote and he also accepts the laws that forced blacks and whites to live in separate areas. He only disagree the police brutality against the black. The meeting with Biko in the curch, when they change the roles mentals, the speech of Biko at the stadium and his first view of the township, when he feels the strong sense of togetherness Woods change his mind about his political ideas. He becomes a good friend of Biko and he helps him to fght for more rights for the black.So he gets troubles with the government and in the end he has to escape of the country where he has born, because he wants to publish the book about Biko. Stephan Biko is a serious, intelligent and handsome young black man. He is a warm and gently person. Stevenn is married with Ntsiki and has two children. He is a banned person which means that he can only be in his banning area and he is able to speak only with one person except his family. Biko gets in this situation because he fghts for more rights for the black. He is one of the most important leader of the Black Consciousness.Steven often goes out of his banning area and so once he gets caught and finally kill by the is dedicated to the struggle for black rights. For him South Africa was for black and white, they only had to find a way to live together without violence. Biko is banned because of his leadership of a movement called â€Å"The Black Consciousness† (equal rights for blacks and whites, live together without violence, black should be proud of being black, blacks should know their history, not anymore accept the handship imposed by the system, confrontation without violence)

Medical Records Security Paper

In my paper, I am going to explain technology threats that an organization might face with having medical records put on a database. I am also going to explain the information that will be protected in medical records on the database. I will also go over all the latest security measures available to help keep these databases threat free so the medical records will be safe on the computer. I will also explain what I would do to help keep my organizations medical records secure.When an organization has a staff ratio of one person to 100 people that can lead the organization to big trouble as far as following rules and procedures that need to be followed as far as following important rules like patient privacy and security. Having a staff ratio that small can lead to short cuts by staff to get things done faster and that can lead to mess ups like pulling up someone else’s medical record or giving someone the wrong prescription. That is why it is so important to make sure the staf f to patient ratio is adequate to meet all the needs of the organization.If the staff to patient ratio is adequate staff will slow down and do things right because if they do not they will be in a lot of trouble. There are a number of threats that effect organizations that maintain electronic medical records [ (Jeanty, 2010) ]. These threats come from both internal and external sources and from both those with malicious and maligned intent. The potential exists that individuals with malicious intent have the potential to attempt to access the records, and there exists the potential for records to be accessed/changed unintentionally.There are a number of different threats that can happen on a database an example would be a virus or a bug. Organizations need to be careful about these sorts of things and get software for their computers to keep their databases free of these parasites. Especially if they have people’s medical records on their computers. The major concern with med ical records in the electronic realm is the protection of a patient's privacy and confidentiality [ (U. S. Department of Health and Human Services) ]. The privacy of documents on digital format is always vulnerable to threat.Luckily, today's electronic medical record programs come with built in security measures such as passwords, firewalls and various other security functions. What is especially important in the arena of medical records is the integrity of the respective medical record. Errors in a medical record could be fatal. The likelihood of errors could also increase when many people have the ability to enter data into a record. Therefore, who has access and the control of access to the medical records is imperative. That is why only doctors should have access to their patient’s records because they are the ones treating them.That way only one person will have access to medical records and not a whole bunch of people. That will help minimize errors on medical records. In regards to information  maintained in medical records that needs to be protected, the utmost importance is the patient's personal information to include their SSN, and other personal information. However, the patient medical information is important to protect as well. In a large sense, it is important to protect the confidentiality of the patient medical history, but more importantly, it is important to protect the integrity of the data.In order to keep my organizations medical records secure I would have the necessary software to keep my database running smooth. I would also have security measures put in place on the database as passwords put on in order to access patient records. I would also only have doctor’s access medical records because they are the ones that treat the patients and they are the ones that should have access to them not everyone else. That will help minimize all problems associated with medical record privacy. Conclusion Protecting a patientâ€℠¢s medical records is the most important thing that n organization must do for the patient. Patients medical records represent who they are, organizations must understand that, and live up to all the Hipaa rules that are put in place to protect people from patient invasion of privacy. Think about it how would you like it if people were invading your privacy by looking at your medical records when you did not want them to.References Jeanty, J. (2010, August 10). HIPAA Rules That Affect Technology. Retrieved from www. ehow. com. U. S. Department of Health and Human Services. (n. d. ). Regulations. Retrieved from www. hhs. gov.