Immune System Lab Report Sample

Immune System Lab Report Paper During this lab activity, my partner and I will test the effectiveness of different hand-washing times, techniques, and materials. The objective of this activity is to answer the question: How long does it take to effectively wash your hands? I hypothesize that it takes around 35 seconds to effectively wash your hands, because it takes a while to rub off all the germs on your hands. I think the longer you wash your hands for, the cleaner they will get. Safety Notes: -be sure you are using washable paint that can be removed with soap and water. Wash your hands carefully after completing the lab activity -be sure that you eave permission and supervision from a guardian before completing this lab activity -do not touch your face with paint and avoid getting paint in your eyes protect the work surface, using newspaper or other covering, and wear an apron or old clothes Materials: -timer or watch that counts seconds -sink -blindfold -washable paint or food coloring -paper towels -soap -pa rtner (this can be a friend or family member) -newspaper to protect the work surface (optional) Proceed re: 1. Pick one person to be the hand washer and one person to be the timekeeper. You will both have the opportunity to complete each of the experiments, so you ill each be washing your hands two times. 2. Washer #1 should put a small amount (about a tablespoon) of washable paint on the palm of one hand and spread it evenly over both hands. Be sure to cover the backs of the hands and the skin next to and under the fingernails. Allow the paint to dry completely. 3. Go to the skink and blindfold Washer #1 so he or she cant see his/her hands. Turn on warm water. We will write a custom essay sample on Immune System Lab Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Immune System Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Immune System Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Have washer #1 wash with just water for one second. After one second, have the timekeeper blot dry the washers hands by very lightly touching the paper towel to the skin. Use the scoring guide to record the lankiness on the water only data table in the row marked Washer #1. Do not let Washer #1 see his/her hands, and be sure that you do not give away any hints about how clean they are. 4. Have the washer wash for four more seconds with just water. Again, lightly blot the washers hands and record their cleanliness in the data table. Have the washer wash for 15 seconds more with water. Once again, blot and record the cleanliness on the data table. 6. Take the blindfold off and allow the washer to completely clean his/her hands. 7. Change roles and repeat steps 2 through 6 with washer #2. Record these results on the second row of the data table under Washer #2. 8. Now change roles again so that washer #1 is back to the role of hand washer. Repeat steps 2-6, having the washer use soap e ach time. Record the results in the appropriate row of the data table. 9. It is now time for Washer #2 to repeat steps 2-6 using soap each time. Record these results in the second row of the data table. Scoring Guide: Completely Dirty Very Dirty Somewhat Dirty Slightly Dirty Clean 4 3 2 Data and Observations: Water Only: Total Wash Time (in seconds) O Seconds 1 Second 5 Seconds 20 Seconds Washer #1 Washer #2 Average Cleanliness Score 3. 5 Soap and Water: 1. 5 Data Analysis: Just water: With Soap and Water: Conclusion: 1. How do the results of the four trials compare? In all four trials, they all started out at O seconds with a cleanliness score of 4. As time went on, the hands got cleaner and cleaner. The hands were much cleaner when people used soap. When you use just water, your hands leave a lot of paint on them, and are much dirtier than when you used soap. 2. What, if any, errors or inconsistencies may have occurred in this experiment? Some inconsistencies may have been a slightly different amount of paint during each experiment and the speed of washing your hands would be different each time you wash them. The amount of soap could have been a little different each time, along with the water pressure. 3. What suggestions do you have for improving this lab and minimizing errors or inconsistencies? Be specific. To improve this lab and minimize errors or inconsistencies could be to set an amount of soap to use during each washing. Also, you should set an amount of water pressure (such as turning the sink knob all the way), because the more water, the cleaner the hands will be. Also, set an exact amount of paint you need each time. 4. Based on these results, what is the importance of soap and time for effective hand washing? Based on these results, soap and time are needed for effective hand washing. When soap was used, it got off much more of the paint than when only water was used. The paint is like germs, so more germs will wash off your hands when you use soap. The hands were significantly cleaner the longer they were washed for. When washed for the longest time period, there was a significant difference in the amount of paint left to be washed off. When you wash your hands longer, you are allowing many more germs to be washed off your hands. Using a combination of soap and time, you will be able to get your hands very clean. 5. What areas of the hands retained the paint the longest, requiring careful scrubbing to get clean? Around the fingernails took a very long time to get clean and required careful scrubbing Also, the skin around the joints in the finger were hard to get clean. 6. Analyze the graphs. What do they indicate about the time it may take to effectively wash your hands? The graphs show that it will take 20 or more seconds to effectively wash your hands. When the line graph reaches the x-axis that is when the hands are completely clean, because that would mean he cleanliness score is O.

American Indian Wars Essays - Red Clouds War, American Old West

American Indian Wars Essays - Red Clouds War, American Old West American Indian Wars American Indian Wars There is perhaps a tendency to view the record of the military in terms of conflict, that may be why the U.S. Armys operational experience in the quarter century following the Civil War became known as the Indian wars. Previous struggles with the Indian, dating back to colonial times, had been limited. There was a period where the Indian could withdraw or be pushed into vast reaches of uninhabited and as yet unwanted territory in the west. By 1865 the safety valve was fast disappearing. As the Civil War was closed, white Americans in greater numbers and with greater energy than before resumed the quest for land, gold, commerce, and adventure that had been largely interrupted by the war. The besieged red man, with white civilization pressing in and a main source of livelihood, the buffalo, threatened with extinction, was faced with a fundamental choice: surrender or fight. Many chose to fight, and over the next 25 years the struggle ranged over the plains, mountains, and the deserts o f the American West. These guerrilla wars were characterized by skirmishes, pursuits, raids, massacres, expeditions, battles, and campaigns of varying size and intensity. In 1865, there was a least 15 million buffalo, ten years later, fewer than a thousand remained. The army and the Bureau of Indian Affairs went along with and even encouraged the slaughter of the animals. By destroying the buffalo herds, the whites were destroying the Indians main source of food and supplies. The only thing the Indians could do was fight to preserve their way of life. There was constant fighting among the Indian and whites as the Indians fought to keep their civilization. Indian often retaliated against the whites for earlier attacks that whites had imposed on them. They often attacked wagon trains, stage coaches, and isolated ranches. When the army became more involved in the fighting, the Indians started to focus on the white soldiers. In 1862, when the north and south were locked in Civil War, Minnesota felt the fury of an even more fundamental internal conflict. The Santees, an eastern branch of the Sioux Nation, having endured ten years of traumatic change on the upper Minnesota River, launched the first great attack in the Indian wars. Eleven years earlier the tribe had sold 24 million acres of hunting ground for a lump sum of $1,665,000 and the promise of future cash annuities. The Santees culture was not only disrupted, the Sioux gradually found themselves dependent on trade goods, which made them easy prey for the white merchants. The merchant would give them credit and collect directly from the government. The Indians saw little of the annuities for which they had sold their birthright. Their anger finally reached the flash point when, following a winter of near starvation, the annual payment failed to arrive on time. Bursting from their reservation, they killed more than 450 settlers in the region before they were defeated by a hastily assembled group of raw recruits led by Colonel Henry Sibley. Later the killing of the white settlers was described as the most fearful Indian massacre in history. Four weeks after the rampage began, 2,000 Indian men, women and children surrendered, 392 prisoners were quickly tried and 307 sentenced to death. Sibley favored execution at once. But Bishop Whipple of Minnesota went to Washington to plead for clemency. After a long appraisal President Lincoln commuted most of the sentences except for the proven rapists and murderers. On the day after Christmas 1862, 38 Sioux warriors were brought to a specially built gallows and hanged at the same time. Three of the leaders of the massacre had gotten away. Shakopee and Medicine Bottle had escaped to Canada, they were kidnapped back into the U.S. and were duly executed. Little Crow went to North Dakota and returned to Mi nnesota the following summer and was shot by a farmer while picking berries. Red Cloud was beginning to emerge as a major leader in 1863, when settlers and miners began to pour over a new road called the Powder River Trail, or the Bozeman Trail after the scout who blazed it. This road was to connect Fort Laramie, Wyoming, to the new mining

Innovations management in organizations.Eastman Kodak Company Assignment

Innovations management in organizations.Eastman Kodak Company - Assignment Example Today, organizations perform in very dynamic environments. For example, technology keep on changings, new risks keep on emerging, and competition keep increasing as new players join the industry in which these organizations operate among others In order that organizations keep up with these changes, innovative problem solving techniques are required; otherwise organizations which do not embrace keeping up with these changes risk being edged out of competition by their rivals (Dooley & Lupton 2005). Amongst the worst challenges that organizations are faced with today is keeping up with technological changes (Dooley & Lupton 2005). Change in technology (both technologies required for running activities of organization or their products) has been so dynamic that organizations or companies which do not keep up with these changes may not be able to compete since their products or operations may be rendered obsolete (Dooley & Lupton 2005). For example, everything today is shifting from ana logue technologies to digital technologies which are considered more convenient in terms of cost, efficiency and speed (Harmancioglu et al. 2007). Just to mention a few products or industries which have been tremendously affected by the technology changes: cameras (digital cameras seem to be replacing traditional film cameras), TV (digital transmission is replacing the traditional analogue transmission), and phones (emergence of mobile phones have replaced the traditional telephone booths) among others. It has also been noted that some organizations are more innovative than others, and are likely to embrace technology than others. While their counterparts tend to keep their status quo of maintaining their star products or services, these companies keep examining the environments in which they operate so to identify likely change that may take place in future that has the capability of altering the environments in which these organizations operate. This paper, therefore, aims at exam ining how organization leadership and culture process influence the success of innovation. The paper will also explain why it is hard for an organization to replicate success of other organizations, and why organizations that embrace innovation are different from those that do not embrace technological change. These explanations will be supported by giving real world examples. The difference between these organizations Normally change cannot be managed, all organizations can do is going ahead of change, and it is those who lead change that are able to survive in the dynamics of technological environment. Therefore, organization managements should ensure that their organization go ahead of technological change and innovations. It is the role of the management to embrace change in their organizations, therefore, the difference between organizations that embrace technological innovation change and those that do not embrace these technological changes is that management of the former is more change focused, while management of the latter is more focused on maintaining status quo other than exploring new ways of doing things. Role of leadership, culture and process in the success of innovation Just as mentioned in the previous paragraph, it is the role of organizations leaders to enhance and embrace innovations within the management systems of organizations; it is them who are make policies that govern organizations, and therefore, have powers of developing and enhancing various cultures, including cultures of change and innovations within organizations. Therefore, the management of organizations which do not embrace the technological innovations and changes normally develops strategies of maintaining the market share of their traditional products (Laureate Education 2011). The management of organizations which embrace technological innovations, on the other hand, normally develops

Female Nazi War Criminals Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Female Nazi War Criminals - Research Paper Example It cannot be said that all these women had started their lives as ones who were capable of such awful deeds. Some were prompted to violence whereas others joined Nazi service as they thought of this to be a way out to escape from their lives that were mostly filled with poverty and hardships. Up to 3,200 women offered their duties in different concentration camps. Those who served as female guards were mostly low-to-middle class and they had little or at times no working experience. SS records also show that some of them served as hairdressers, matrons, tram conductors and retired teachers. Eventually, these women acted upon Hitlers message and as a result many people were brutally deprived of their lives by their hands (Clark, 1995). When the fears, the carnage and the wide spread destruction associated with Nazi killing are discussed, a few merciless and cruel women have always attracted a lot of attention for their outrageous behaviors and brutal inflictions. There were low esteemed and notorious camp guards just like Irma Grese and Ilse Koch. In Poland’s region that was seized by the Nazis, another example of a heartless Erna Petri is seen, who was married to one of the Special Security officers and was later on convicted for the case that brought out the shooting incident of six Jewish young children. There is also the case of Johanna Altvater Zelle who served as a German assistant and was taken into custody for murdering a child in Volodymyr-Volynsky’s jail, a Ukrainian district that was also occupied by Nazis. Undoubtedly, the Nazi slaying mechanism was a male-dominating event. However, after analyzing the actual ratio in accordance with the latest outcomes, the amount of German females, who had participated in this holocaust, serving as guards, assistants and assassins, was far much higher than what was being estimated previously (Kershner, 2010). Most of the staff members and workers from the Nazi concentration bases

Theory of Political Culture and Ideology Essay Example for Free

Theory of Political Culture and Ideology Essay A political culture can be defined as a framework of similar values, beliefs and attitudes shared by people in a certain nation or state. Such ideals and behaviors are normally related to the government and the politics of a country and they tend to develop with time to shape the views of that countrys citizens in regard to the world and their sense of what is right or wrong, just or unjust, possible and impossible (Ginsberg, Lowi and Weir 18). The concept of a political culture is properly explained using four major aspects of a government and politics. These four aspects include; understanding the relationship between a government and the citizens, the government obligations, limits of the governmental authority and understanding peoples rights and responsibilities. The importance of a political culture is to establish a background on which the politics of a nation or a state unfolds. It also sets limits and boundaries which are to be obeyed by all actors involved in a political realm. Every nation has its own political culture. For instance, most Americans believe that there is ultimate importance of individual efforts in achieving personal success and for this reason,they are generally opposed to generous welfare benefits (Clark and Schaffner 567). Ideology refers to the way in which cultures are structured to enable a government to exercise maximum control on its citizens with minimum conflicts. Ideology in simple terms refers to specific attitudes, ideas and beliefs which advocate for a systematic plan aimed at bringing change in the social, political and economic arenas of a country. Examples of political ideologies include anarchism, socialism, statism, libertarianism, fascism, communism, conservatism and communitarianism (Cummings 56). Political ideology is different from political culture in many ways. For instance, traditionalists are not necessarily conservatives the same way liberals are not moralists. The culture of American politics is deeply rooted and it is associated with democracy, constitutionalism and capitalism. In this case, democracy in the U. S is less direct as it is marked by extreme fragmentation of power by the governing body. Constitutionalism is concerned with law and attention to individual rights of its citizens while capitalism spells out the distinction between political and economic issues. The book Habits of the heart written by Robert Bellah et al describes the American culture in terms of its values, belief and expectations as well as strengths and weaknesses in relation to the manifestations to an individual and the community as a whole (pp. 143-145). Most of the values and beliefs which make up the American political culture originate from the Greco-Roman, Anglo-Saxon, Judeo-Christain, Native American, African as well as Asian cultures. The core values of the American culture contained in the American creed include life, liberty, equality and pursuit for happiness. In addition, it includes individualism, unity and diversity of various cultures. Ideals in the American culture originate from past experiences such as those obtained from its former colonist (Britain) as well as material circumstances. According to Ginsberg, Lowi and Weir, the presence of a political ideology in the American politics is very important since its absence is likely to lead to radical pragmatism which is bound to trigger bad decisions and ethics in the policy making of the political culture. The values and beliefs held in the American political culture assist the society in the war against racism and other ethnic differences. It also helps to shape the racial attitudes and facilitates democratic stability in the region. One of the most rampant characteristics of the American culture is consumerism. Consumerism is regarded as the new capitalism and originates from the dialectic of democracy and capitalism. The American societies are preoccupied by the ideals and values associated with consumerism as a result of numerous commodities and products fabricated under the television spectacles. In the past few decades, consumerism has led to the transformation of the American citizens into shoppers who are slowly taking away the state sovereignty from within (Wayne, Mackenzie and OBrien 65). The trends of consumerism are impacting a big blow on the nations democracy affecting the judgment, liberty and overall citizenship. Consumerism leads to a disorder known as citizen schizophrenia which divides the common citizens into opposing groups denying them the legitimate access to what is civic or public. Essay 2: Political Culture of Texas. The politics and the political culture of Texas has been a subject of debate for a long time now and there has been a base line describing it as a conservative type of culture(John 87). The political culture of Texas and its ideology has been well described using three major philosophical streams which include populism, social conservatism and classical liberalism. These three ideals are said to form the foundation of the Texas political culture on which permanent values, beliefs and attitudes are built and allowed to interact with other societal values in a complex way. The ideals have led to what is referred to as a low tax, low services political culture in the state. Although Texas government has undergone some immense growth in the last few decades, the low taxes, low services culture still remains firm in the state (OConnor and Sabato 256). In addition, Texas is known to have a tradition which serves business interests both small and large with a wide latitude in terms of their economic and political ventures. The state also provides subsidies for a variety of its industries ranging from road construction, sports, real estate development, manufacturing industries among others. The state government political culture further promotes oil extraction in those regions which are environmentally sensitive and it has outsourced the services which are related to human health and well being. The government has also started the process of selling the subsoil water rights of land owned by the state to private companies and individuals thus encouraging regional and foreign investments in the state. In an effort to shape its public policy, the state has a culture which permits extensive campaigns of the elected officials and it only imposes few restrictions regarding contacts between the executives in the bureaucracy and private entities. On the other hand, this political culture allows the government to tolerate a wide variety of disparities in the political access between individuals or ordinary citizens and people who are powerful either economically or politically in the state. In comparison to the political culture on the American nation as a whole, Ginsberg, Lowi and Weir argue that the Texas political culture is similar to that of the nation as a whole in that it puts much emphasis on values of democracy, equality and liberty. They however add that these values differ in the way they are expressed and exercised in the political institutions of Texas as opposed to those at national level (pp. 304-349). In addition, the Texan political political culture as classified by Prof. Elazar is moralistic, individualistic and traditionalistic (Patterson 34). In addition, the Texas political culture puts much emphasis on democracy and has been mainly dominated by one democratic party in the past although it is slowly evolving into a two party state. In conclusion it can be said that although the Texas political culture is relatively young as compared to the national political culture it is business focused as it shuns public expenditure on social programs while at the same time leaving room for huge contracts by providing subsidies on industries and permitting sale of state property to private business interests.

Of Pirate Ships and Silver Steeds :: Personal Narrative Jobs Working Papers

Of Pirate Ships and Silver Steeds We poured the foundation yesterday, and now we were pulling the forms off the cement and hauling them out--back onto Ralph, our two-ton truck. The sun beat down. As I bent over to pick up another eight incher I glanced towards the pit. First, came a black bandanna. Next, came protruding straggles of curly blond hair. Then, a grimace and a roll of the eyes--Danny's trademark--appeared as the young man hauled himself out of the hole. Following the head, came a tattered shirt and matching shorts. The holes in the shorts were normal, but when Danny turned imploringly toward me I discovered the cause of the shredded shirt. Aaron had just hopped off the top of the foundation, and he said as he walked towards the truck, "I'll be back. Tell the other guys. Just do the fillers on the outside, and then you can start on the inside. I should be back by then." Then came the usual, "Take your time. Be careful. Take lunch in a while." Dan raised his arm and asked, "Do I have one back here too? It feels like there is something there, but I can't see it." I swallowed and nodded. "Hop on in Dan," Aaron called as he started the truck. Gingerly Danny responded. They were heading for the hospital where he would receive fifty-three stitches to close up the two holes in his side. "Well, another exciting day working cement," I thought as the F-250 pulled away. Dan had slipped on his first attempt to get out of the hole, and he fell against two flat-ties protruding from the newly created foundation. Flat-ties are those thin pieces of silver metal that stick out from the walls in your basement before it gets finished. As the forms for the walls are being set in place on top of the footings, flat-ties are sent through the wall so that the inside form can be connected to the outside form. Although this whole idea about flat-ties may seem intriguing, the important thing to learn is that if one flat-tie is left out, however insignificant this may seem, the pressure of the cement is sufficient to cause a 'blowout' in the wall. Many times I think that people forget to enjoy the details in their lives, and so events turn into 'blowouts' instead of grand adventures. Mylan, my boss, has a wife and seven girls to worry about.

Max’s Burger Case Study Essay

Case Summery Max’s Burger is an emerging American fast-food chain with franchised outlet across the world. Nassar group bought the franchise rights of Max’s Burger outlet in Dubai. There were many fast-food outlet of franchised restaurants in Dubai, among them Max’s Burger’s meat quality was lower standard. As Nassar group didn’t want to jeopardize their reputation. The ordered the warehouse manager to decline any frozen food shipment that doesn’t meet the franchise standard. When the shipment came, the frozen meat temperature was little bit off which would not risk customer’s health but would affect the food taste. Though the manager didn’t considered the little mismatch of the temperature before, now he is having second thoughts. Question-1: Does the decision to accept or refuse the frozen meat shipment call for ethical or legal considerations? Why? Answer: Yes , the decision to accept or refuse the frozen meat shipment call for ethical or legal consideration. As we have seen in this case there is an ethical consideration regarding temperature problem. The temperature of the frozen meat delivered to the Max’s burgers didn’t match the government’s standard. If they accept it they will break the law. Though the deviation is little, but it puts a question on this ethical issues. Question-2: Identify the stakeholders who will be influenced by the decision to accept or refuse to the frozen meat shipment? Answer: Both Nassar group and the company supplying the meat are the stakeholders who will be influenced by the decision to accept or refuse the frozen meat shipment. If Nasaar group accept the frozen meat shipment, their sale may be decreased as a result of inconsistency.